SPECTRA：面向多模态不确定性估计的交叉注意力贝叶斯低秩适配

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Abstract:Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) enables efficient adaptation of frozen language models, but most PEFT methods remain deterministic or unimodal, limiting their reliability in low-resource audio-text settings where uncertainty depends on both linguistic evidence and acoustic conditions. We introduce SPECTRA (Stochastic Posterior Estimation with Cross-modal Token-level Rank Adaptation), a multimodal Bayesian low-rank adaptation framework for uncertainty-aware audio-text learning. SPECTRA keeps the text and audio backbones frozen and confines stochasticity to a compact rank-$r$ latent matrix inside each LoRA adapter. At each transformer layer, text-derived low-rank token features query frame-level audio embeddings through lightweight cross-attention; the resulting token-specific acoustic context parameterizes the mean and variance of an amortized variational posterior over the adapter latent. Audio thus acts not merely as an additional feature stream, but as a localized reliability signal that modulates both adaptation and confidence. Posterior prediction uses Monte Carlo adapter samples, enabling a decomposition of predictive uncertainty into total, aleatoric, and adapter-space epistemic components. Across IEMOCAP and clinical interview prediction tasks, SPECTRA is consistently competitive with or improves upon text-only Bayesian PEFT and conventional multimodal transfer-learning baselines, with token-level cross-attention yielding the most reliable gains. Modality-disagreement stress tests show that mismatched audio causes substantially larger degradation in AUC, likelihood, calibration, and Brier score than noisy but matched audio, highlighting the importance of modeling cross-modal reliability. These results suggest that Bayesian cross-modal conditioning in low-rank adapter space provides an efficient and principled mechanism for calibrated multimodal adaptation.

Submission history

From: Habibeh Naderi [view email]
[v1] Fri, 17 Apr 2026 19:23:08 UTC (189 KB)
[v2] Fri, 23 Oct 2026 18:20:08 UTC (728 KB)