arXiv cs.CY· Alexander Nemecek, Osama Zafar, Yuqiao Xu, Wenbiao Li, Erman Ayday·· 11 小时前AI 评分31
AI 内容水印的多元评估缺口：谁会被标记？
Who Gets Flagged? The Pluralistic Evaluation Gap in AI Content Watermarking
AI 导读
研究指出，AI 内容水印的检测强度与鲁棒性依赖内容自身的统计特性，而这些特性会随语言、文化视觉传统和人群群体系统性变化，形成各模态特有的偏见路径。综述各模态主要水印基准后发现，除一个例外，均未报告跨语言、跨文化内容类型或不同人群的检测表现。作者据此提出跨语言检测一致性、文化多样内容覆盖、检测指标人群细分三个评估维度，主张水印属于多元对齐流程，公平性评估应先于部署。
正文 · 原文
Abstract:Watermarking is becoming the default mechanism for AI content authentication, with governance policies and frameworks referencing it as infrastructure for content provenance. Yet across text, image, and audio modalities, watermark signal strength, detectability, and robustness depend on statistical properties of the content itself, properties that vary systematically across languages, cultural visual traditions, and demographic groups. We examine how this content dependence creates modality-specific pathways to bias. Reviewing the major watermarking benchmarks across modalities, we find that, with one exception, none report performance across languages, cultural content types, or population groups. To address this, we propose three concrete evaluation dimensions for pluralistic watermark benchmarking: cross-lingual detection parity, culturally diverse content coverage, and demographic disaggregation of detection metrics. We argue that watermarking is part of the pluralistic alignment pipeline and should be held to the same evaluation standards. We connect this to governance frameworks currently mandating watermarking deployment without requiring fairness evaluation. Our position is that evaluation must precede deployment, and that the same bias auditing requirements applied to AI models should extend to the verification layer.
| Comments: | 7 pages. Accepted at the AAAI 2026 Fall Symposium on Trustworthy Agentic Systems (TAS 2026) |
| Subjects: | Computers and Society (cs.CY); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2604.13776 [cs.CY] |
| (or arXiv:2604.13776v3 [cs.CY] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.13776 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite |
Submission history
From: Alexander Nemecek [view email]
[v1]
Wed, 15 Apr 2026 12:06:56 UTC (36 KB)
[v2]
Tue, 9 Jun 2026 01:55:56 UTC (38 KB)
[v3]
Mon, 26 Oct 2026 23:19:46 UTC (32 KB)
来源：arXiv cs.CY · arxiv.org