arXiv cs.CY· Hamidah Oderinwale, David Atkinson, Rachel Hong, Art Abal, Ben Laufer·· 11 小时前AI 评分29
用成对比较构建许可证宽松度的结构化排序
Structuring license permissiveness from pairwise comparisons
AI 导读
研究利用 LLM 在大规模上比较开源许可证，通过成对比较构建并验证基于宽松度的偏序关系，并结合现有软件许可证分类体系进行分析。用 Bradley-Terry 模型恢复该结构时出现约 20% 的性能损失，作者将这一损失归因于特征覆盖度。该方法可追踪许可证的限制性，并把许可证选择理解为共享条款的组合，面向 Hugging Face、GitHub、PyPI 等平台。
正文 · 原文
Abstract:Licenses are legal instruments that inventors rely upon to protect the technologies they build and regulate how they are used---however, the nature of their authorship and selection implies that how they are interpreted, chosen, and enforced is largely unstructured. In practice, this makes it difficult to compare licenses at scale---when is one license considered more permissive than the other, and when are their terms incomparable to each other? Currently, there is a growing list of licenses that are introduced and used, yet no systematic way to study their relationships. This matters for platforms such as Hugging Face, GitHub, and the Python Package Index, where developers publish or build upon technologies that each have their own licenses. Using large language models (LLMs), we introduce methods for comparing licenses at scale: first, in a pairwise fashion to construct and validate a partial ordering based on permissiveness; and by drawing on existing taxonomies of software licenses. Then, we try to recover the structure with the Bradley-Terry model to see if permissiveness can be judged more cheaply and observe a loss of $\sim$20\%---and classify this loss to feature coverage. The former coupled with model rationale allows us to trace restrictiveness, and the latter allows us to understand license selection as a combination of shared provisions.
| Subjects: | Software Engineering (cs.SE); Computers and Society (cs.CY) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2606.31032 [cs.SE] |
| (or arXiv:2606.31032v4 [cs.SE] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.31032 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite |
Submission history
From: Hamidah Oderinwale [view email]
[v1]
Tue, 30 Jun 2026 02:03:21 UTC (1,898 KB)
[v2]
Fri, 7 Aug 2026 22:22:22 UTC (1,565 KB)
[v3]
Thu, 13 Aug 2026 20:08:39 UTC (1,587 KB)
[v4]
Mon, 26 Oct 2026 22:53:38 UTC (1,662 KB)
来源：arXiv cs.CY · arxiv.org