PanoDiff-SR：用扩散模型与超分辨率合成牙科全景 X 光片

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Abstract:Interest in generating realistic synthetic medical images has grown in recent years. Such datasets can mitigate the scarcity of public data for artificial intelligence research and support education. Work on synthesizing dental panoramic radiographs (PRs) has so far relied almost exclusively on generative adversarial networks (GANs), and three limitations recur: the synthesized field of view is often restricted to a cropped dentoalveolar region rather than a complete PR; observer studies of GAN-generated PRs report that clinicians still identify synthetic images with accuracies of roughly 78-82%, implying persistent visible giveaways; and adversarial training remains sensitive to instability and mode collapse. Generating a full-size PR directly at diagnostic resolution with a diffusion model is an alternative, but sampling at that resolution is costly. We therefore present PanoDiff-SR, an end-to-end two-stage pipeline developed and evaluated specifically for panoramic radiography: a denoising diffusion implicit model (PanoDiff) generates a low-resolution (LR) seed PR ($256\times128$), which a fine-tuned hybrid attention transformer (HAT) super-resolution (SR) stage upscales to a high-resolution (HR) PR of $1024\times512$. Decoupling the expensive generative step from the resolution step yields complete, full-arch PRs at diagnostic resolution on a single 47 GB GPU. The Fréchet inception distance between 7243 real and synthetic HR images is 40.5. Inception scores were 2.68, 2.38, 2.90 and 2.98 for real HR, synthetic HR, real LR and synthetic LR images, respectively. Six clinical experts, each evaluating 100 synthetic and 100 real PRs under a time limit, distinguished real from synthetic images with an average accuracy of 68.5% (50% corresponds to random guessing), substantially closer to chance than reported for GAN-based studies. Project page: this https URL

Comments:	28 pages, 19 figures, 11 tables. Project page: this https URL Code: this https URL
Subjects:	Image and Video Processing (eess.IV); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV); Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as:	arXiv:2507.09227 [eess.IV]
	(or arXiv:2507.09227v2 [eess.IV] for this version)
	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.09227 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite

Submission history

From: Sanyam Jain [view email]
[v1] Sat, 12 Jul 2025 09:52:10 UTC (29,250 KB)
[v2] Thu, 15 Oct 2026 08:52:26 UTC (31,426 KB)